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The Influence of Public International Law upon Private International Law: In History and Theory and in the Formation and Application of the Law by Mario J. A. Oyarzábal: This course explores the influence of public international law upon private international law, in the history and the theory as well as in the formation and the application of the law. It focuses on the biggest transformations that have taken place on the international plane over the course of the last century and assesses how that has affected the legal landscape, raising questions as to the scope and the potential of private international law and the suitability of the traditional sources of international law to address the role of private actors and the incursion of public law in the private arena. Examples are drawn from the areas of jurisdictional immunities and their impact on the right of access to justice, mutual legal assistance, sovereign debt restructuring, child protection, sports, arts law, cyberspace, and issues related to law of the sea and climate change. This course takes a pragmatic problem-solving approach, which nonetheless is systemic and based on principles, and argues that while public and private international law are and should be kept as separate legal fields, both are needed to address an increasing number of issues.
Table of Contents:
Foreword 141Preliminary remarks 143
Chapter I. The influence of public international law upon the history and the theory of private international law 146
1. The evolving concepts of public and private international law. . . 146
2. A historical and theoretical overview 151
(a) Jus gentium and the origins of the conflict of laws 151
(b) International comity 152
(c) Sovereignty and the dearth of the internationalist approach . 154
(d) The legal conscience of the civilised world 155
(e) The early normative and institutionalisation efforts 158
(f) The Russian and the American revolutions 163
(g) The growing international legal community 170
(h) International law and development 176
(i) Public law in the international arena 186
(j) The privatisation of the State 196
(k) Expansion and diversification of international law 198
(l) Significance for private international law of the human rights movement 209
(m) From international law to transnational law 223
3. Should private international law be international law? 230
Chapter II. The influence of public international law upon the formation of private international law 240
A. Sources of the law 240
1. Customary international law 240
2. Treaties 244
(a) Private international lawmaking treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
(b) Validity and application of treaties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
(c) Reservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
(d) Interpretation of treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (e) Application of successive treaties regarding the same subject matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (f) Treaties as part of the domestic systems of private interna- tional law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (g) Incidences of non-recognition of States, breach of diplomatic relations and State succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3. General principles of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
4. Judicial decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
(a) Decisions of the ICJ and its predecessor. . . . . . . . . . . . 290
(b) Arbitral awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
(c) Decisions of national courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
5. The writings of publicists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
B. Other sources 309
1. “Community” law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
2. Human rights standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
3. Non-legally binding norms 324
4. Party autonomy 332
5. Reciprocity 333
Note on comity 339
Note on international conferences and organisations concerned with private international law 340
Chapter III. The influence of public international law upon the application of private international law: selected problems 342
1. Jurisdictional immunities and the right of access to justice 342
2. From mutual recognition to international legal cooperation . . . . 365
3. Sovereign debt restructuring: Public and private law litigation . . 379
4. International law on the rights of the child 411
(a) International human rights of children in private international law 411
(b) Best interests of abducted children 416
(c) The protection of the best interests of migrant children 421
(d) Best interests of the child in intercountry adoption 428
5. International sports law 431
(a) International sports organisations: Personality and lawmaking and law enforcement 431
(b) The case of FIFA 439
6. International art law 449
(a) Cultural internationalism and cultural nationalism 449
(b) The public and the private international law approaches . . . 452
(c) Free market and exports control 455
(d) Human rights considerations 456
(e) Anti-seizure statutes 458
(f) Conflicts law in illegally exported works of art 461
(g) Cultural heritage, peace and security 462
7. International norms and standards in cyberspace 464
(a) Cybercrime, rights and global politics 466
(b) The rise of cryptocurrency 468
Note on nationality 473
Note on deep seabed mining and the protection of the marine environment 476
Note on sea level rise 477
Critical recap and outlook 480
Epilogue 503
Selected bibliography 505
Biography:
Mario J. A. Oyarzábal, born in Azul, Argentina, in 1969.
Procurador (1990), Abogado (1991) and Escribano (1992), University of La Plata. Argentine Foreign Service Institute (1995-1996). LLM, Harvard Law School (2005).
Adjunct Professor at the University of La Plata Law School (since 1995). Associate Professor at the University of Buenos Aires Law School (2008-2010). Lecturer at The Hague Academy of International Law, External Program, Buenos Aires (2012).
The Legal Adviser to the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2016-2020). Member of the United Nations International Law Commission (2023-2027). Arbitrator and Conciliator under Article 2 of Annexes V and VII of the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea (since 2017). Member of the Panel of Arbitrators and Conciliators of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (since 2016). Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (2019-2022). Member of the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission established by Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (2017-2022). Member of the Committee on the Election of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (2019-2020). Member of the Legal and Technical Commission of the International Seabed Authority (2012-2013).
Ambassador of the Argentine Republic to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Permanent Representative to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, also representing Argentina before the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Criminal Court and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (since 2020). Argentine Commissioner to the International Whaling Commissioner (2016-2020). Deputy Permanent Representative of Argentina before the United Nations Security Council (2013- 2014). Lead negotiator for Argentina on the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Basic Principles on Sovereign Debt Restructuring Processes (2015). Career diplomat with the Argentine Foreign Service (since 1997).
Head of Delegation and Delegate of Argentina to meetings of the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, the International Seabed Authority, the International Maritime Organization, the Hague Conference on Private International Law, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the Inter- American Conferences on Private International Law.
Agent for Argentina before the International Court of Justice in the Advisory Opinion on The Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 (2019), and Legal Counsel in the Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (2010). Legal Counsel before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the advisory opinion on the Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the International Seabed Area (2011).
